#RUReferenceList: 8 years later

April is weird. 8 years ago, I was having one of the worst experiences of my life. Today, I’m not being terrorised and gaslit by my university’s administration, nor having my faith in justice for sexual violence shattered. I’m in just in bed, resting.

I think there’s a survivor’s guilt in being here, or at least a desire to not abandon 2016-me, 2016-us. I try to let 2016-me know that I won’t abandon her or her cause, while also giving her the life she fought for/was crushed for fighting for.

I’m explaining to both of us that we must enjoy what can be enjoyed and that we don’t have to always return to the wound. The wound will not heal, but it doesn’t have to rule over us forever. Every one of us deserves to move on. Joy is not abandonment.

Mary Oliver advises, “If you suddenly and unexpectedly feel joy, don’t hesitate. Give in to it. There are plenty of lives and whole towns destroyed or about to be.”

We know the prolonged destruction that was #RhodesWar so intimately, we should get to know joy with equal fluency.

We were innocent all along: #RUReferenceList & #Chapter212 6 years later

6 years ago, the lives of me and those of a lot of the people – strangers and kin alike – changed. When I think of everything that has happened since that day, what really stands out is how I can see myself for who I was, with the distance that a bit of age has provided. I see myself and all of us who were involved, as being so very young, something that I appreciate because these days, I enjoy the fruits of how I have matured. With that concept of youth, I also see my naivety, courage, desperation, agency and powerlessness. As I process these thoughts out loud, a most beloved friend helps me notice how my perceptions of/ thoughts on age resurface constantly in how I see and speak about the past and the present. It is striking. 

As I reflect on the past 6 years and beyond, a sentence floats in and out of my head. It is one I heard in a interview series I like watching: “She was innocent all along”. The speaker says these words to describe her mother, as she reflects on the difficulty of their relationship. It is a contemplation that seems, like much of mine, enabled by age. 

We were innocent all along. 

With Yolanda Dyantyi’s court cases being the most prominent of the repercussions of #RUReferenceList, I think about how she has been criminalized by Rhodes. And due to the intimacy I know a lot of us have with #RUReferenceList as an event, as she fought the university, I have often seen her as a representation of all of us. I have read a lot of the statements Rhodes has written about her and her case and thought about how strongly they ephasise criminality, their most recent conjuring being something about the need to protect society from “the reign of the law of the jungle” (???! Bathong !???). In their narrative, Yolanda, and by extension, all of us who were in solidarity in those fateful moments, are never innocent. 

To be innocent in the eyes of the university/any colonial institution – to be worthy of being spared of the kind of cruel retribution the expelled students faced – is not possible for us. It is not possible precisely because the roots of colonialism in that and many other institutions are strong and in such places, the definition of innocence is distorted for the sake of holding onto power. 

We – angry, hurting, black, queer, fallist, woman, non-binary, femme – could never have been innocent in a place like that. We stood against rape, which, as Prof. Pumla Gqola has outlined, is a founding element of colonial conquest and colonial order. But even outside of what we stood against, the presence of our bodies was always a stain against the backdrop of what institutions like universities were originally set out to be. That we were there had never meant that we were accepted. We knew or would come to know that our presence was merely tolerated. We were there because of concessions made, concessions of power forced through decades of resistance that eventually made it impossible to claim legitimacy in the political order without letting us in. 

#RUReferenceList is one of the most messy things I have ever witnessed. There are no easy answers to anything. And yet, today I reclaim our innocence as ours, as valid and as everpresent. 

When I say we were innocent , I mean it not in the sense that everything that happened was permissible and justified and unquestionable. Rather, I mean that, those of us who have been scrutinized for our actions, faced the weight of accusations of criminality and causing harm, had our lives upended radically or have been changed by witnessing all of this happen to those we care for, never deserved this. 

We are innocent in that we never deserved to have to grapple with the questions we’ve had to grapple with. To have to fight the things we fought against. To have had to fight for the things we fought for. To have lost sleep over any of this (losing sleep being maybe the most miniscule of what was lost).  

We never should have been violated. And then had to fight for our violations to be recognized as such. And then been dismissed and invalidated and retaliated against. All of that never should have happened. And within that, the people who drove much of this cruelty, those who in comparison had very little to lose, have not had their ‘innocence’ and their neutrality and their intent questioned enough. The press releases, disciplinary hearings and other manners of inquiry into our innocence/blameworthiness should have rather been turned inward by the custodians of the place we questioned. They should have been (and should still be) asked, until they answer and account, why what happened happened. They should bear the brunt of the heaviest questions and questioning that came out of #Chapter212 and #RUReferenceList.

We were innocent all along.  

Reading list: #Chapter212, #RUReferencelist and #RhodesWar

TW: Sexual violence and rape culture,

Background/History: Sexual Violence at Rhodes 

The Habitus of The Dominant: Addressing Rape and Sexual Assault At Rhodes University – Vivian de Klerk, Larissa Klazinga & Amy McNeill, 2007
Where leaders learn what, exactly? – Grace Moyo, 2015
– Gorata Chengeta, 2015

#FeesMustFall

Shutting Down the Rainbow Nation – Fees Must Fall: – Africa Is A Country 
#UCKAR11 
#UCKAR18 on Twitter
#WeAreAllLerato

#RhodesSoWhite

RhodesSoWhite: An Insight – Lihle Ngcobozi
Protesters condemn “apartheid-style” harassment of student activist – Carol Kagezi, 2016 

Sexual Violence=Silence Protest aka Silent Protest, #RUSilent

Rape is not a slogan on a T-shirt – Fiona Snyckers, 2012
#RUSilent  on Twitter

#Chapter 2.12

Chapter 2.12 Rhodes Facebook Page 
Chapter 2.12: the campaign against rape culture – Mishka Wazar, Activate, April 2016
#Chapter212 on Twitter

#RUReferenceList 

RUReferenceList Movement Facebook Page
#RUReferenceList on Twitter
Why I support the Rhodes rape list – Simamkele Dlakavu, City Press, April 2016
#RUReferenceList Edition– Oppidan Press student newspaper, May 2016
[Photo Gallery] – Oppidan Press, April 2016
General coverage – Oppidan Press, 2016 – present
#RUReferenceList: A violent response to a violent act – Pontsho Pilane, Mail and Guardian, April 2016
 ‘Campus rape plans favour perpetrators’ – Pontsho Pilane, Mail and Guardian, April 2016
Outlaw Speech: Contesting sexual coercion on campus – Lisa Vetten, Daily Maverick, April 2016
Rhodes has a rape problem: Why? – Daily Vox team, April 2016
#NakedProtest – IOL, April 2016
Violence, nakedness and the discourse of #RUReferenceList – Chelsea Haith, The Journalist, April 2016
5 arrested in Rhodes University anti-rape protest – News24, April 2016
Footage from #RUReferenceList Protests (Youtube Playlist) – Activate, April 2016
Disrupt – Activate & #Chapter212, May 2016
Welcome to The Zoo – Kopo Jake Nathane and cast, 2016
A response to Charlene Smith’s #RUReferenceList Facebook post – Fiona Snyckers, M&G ThoughtLeader, April 2016
Desperate times, desperate measures – Marianne Thamm, Daily Maverick, April 2016
#RUReferenceList Protests: A Word From The Therapist’s Office – Thandi Bombi, May 2016
The voices of the #RUReferenceList demonstrations – Adriana Georgiades, April 2016
‘We will not be Silenced’: Rape Culture, #RUReferencelist, and the University Currently Known as Rhodes – Deborah Seddon, Daily Maverick, June 2016
#FeesMustFall: The Threat of the Penis and the Gun in South Africa’s Revolutionary Spaces – Kagure Mugo, Okayafrica, June 2016
Disruption of Gender Based Violence Discussion – Chloe Osmond, Activate, August 2016
Ndakunik’ Amabele: African Women. Un/dressed – Wairimu Muriithi, Concerning Nuditude (pg 96 – 120), 2016
Khwezi: A Daily Remembrance – Wairimu Muriithi, This is Africa, 2016 
#RhodesWar on Twitter

Esther Ramani responds to “In conversation with Bettie, a ‘victorious’ rape survivor” – Esther Ramani, October 2017

Everything You Need to About the #RhodesWar Round Table – Busang Senne, Cosmopolitan, December 2017
[Video Playlist] #RhodesWar Press conference w/ Yolanda Dyantyi & SERI – December 2017
Rhodes War: Concerned Academics Speak Out –  Huffington post, December 2017
Rhodes Alumni: Expulsion Of Student Activists ‘Draconian’ – Huffington post, December 2017
Dangerous narratives: How Rhodes’ response to rape culture harms sexual assault victims – Zodwa Jane, HOLAA, December 2017
Rhodes criticised for expelling “rape culture” protesters – GroundUp, December 2017
#RhodesWar: Makunyiwe Macala (A redacted archive)- Redacted, The New Inquiry, February 2018
#RhodesWar: Women need to reclaim their bodies (Interview w/Yolanda Dyanty) – 
Historic Record Shows Universities Like Rhodes Failed Female Students – Sarita Ranchod, Huffington post, April 2018
#RUReferenceList And The Fight Against Rape Culture Still Wages On – Siya Nyulu, Daily Vox, April 2018
Graduating from varsity after #FeesMustFall is a bittersweet experience – Aphiwe Ngalo, Daily Maverick, April 2018
#RHODESWAR – Blog by Rosie Motene, April 2018
RU Reference List aftermath – Sinawo Dubayi, Ethel Nshakira & Beugene Green, May 2018
[Essay] Why has Rhodes University silenced student activism? – Mako Muzenda, June 2018
[Interview w/ PowerFM]Why Has Rhodes University silenced Student Activism – Mako Muzenda , June 2018
#RUReferenceList: The fear of repercussions still lingers – Gorata Chengeta, Mail & Guardian, July 2018
 South African women use social media to fight against violence – Al Jazeera, August 2018
Rhodes rages after suicide – Sarah Smit, Mail & Guardian, August 2018
Rape on Campus leads to a tragic death – 702 interview with Nomandla & Rhodes Communications Officer
Rhodes must stop treating rapists like victims   – Philip Machanick, Mail & Guardian, 13 August 2018
It starts with ‘games’ and ends as rape at Rhodes –  PAugust 2018
We need a multi-pronged approach in order to shift rape culture’  – Corinne Knowles, Rhodes University staff member, 
‘My future career has been taken away’ – anti-rape activist expelled from Rhodes 
She Protested Against Campus Rape Culture After Being Sexually Assaulted. Then Her School Banned Her For Life – Tamera Griffin, Buzzfeed News, May 2019
No Place For Survivors – Lillian Roberts, 2020
An Ode to the #RUReferenceList​ Movement  – Yolanda Dyantyi, words by Gorata Chengeta, April 2021 
Vutha! Raging conversations with African Feminist Solidarity – Mbali Mazibuko, African Feminist Solidarities, 2021
Foreword to African Feminist Solidarities – Yolanda Dyantyi, African Feminist Solidarities, 2021

#StandWithYolanda

Call For Solidarity – Yolanda Dyantyi, Graphics by Lilian Roberts, September 2020
[Instagram Live]
#StandWithYolanda on Twitter
#StandWIthYolanda on Facebook
Press Statement – SERI: Socio-Economic Rights Institute (representing Yolanda Dyantyi),
Rhodes University student fights against academic exclusion – Nomzamo Zondo of SERI,
Interview with Yolanda Dyantyi – Trending SA, September 2020
Student banned for life for ‘leading vigilante campaign’ against alleged rapists – Jordan King, September 2020
‘It’s very personal – I was two exams away from graduating’ – Amina Deka Asma and Modiegi Mashamaite, October 2020

#YolandaRhodesVictory 

Student feels vindicated after appeal court overturns lifetime ban by Rhodes University – Michelle Banda, Daily Maverick, March 2022
Victory for banned-for-life student Yolanda Dyantyi as SCA refers matter back to Rhodes University – Jeanette Chabalala, News 24, March 2022
{Requires subscription) ‘Mama, I have been expelled from Rhodes University’ – Bongekile Macupe, City Press, April 2022
Yolanda Dyantyi Elated After Winning Her Case Against Rhodes University – Palesa Manaleng, Eyewitness News, March 2022
Court overturns Yolanda Dyantyi misconduct findings – eNCA, April 2022
Her University Banned Her For Life – Seen Stories, June 2022

The #RUReferenceList legacy – Grocott’s Mail, June 2022

Yolanda’s Journey to Justice: Disrupting the Patriarchy (Dyantyi vs Rhodes University)– Yolanda Dyantyi, September 2022
The end of an era – #StandWithYolanda. Winning some, losing some – still grateful; heres to healing – Yolanda Dyantyi, September 2022

#IAmOneInThree

#iamoneinthree: A call to stand with #RUReferenceList against rape culture – Wits FMF Feminists Solidarity Statement, April 2016
#Iamoneinthree Protest

Related:

Open Letter to the Minister of Higher Education and Training – Silungisa iAcademy, March 2019
UCT Survivors 
#UCTSpeaksBack on Twitter
Kanga and Khwezi: Kwezilomso Mbandazayo challenges the memorialisation of Fezekile Ntsukela Kuzwayo – Kwezilomso Mbandazayo, Johannesburg Review of Books, January 2018 

Khwezi protest: We came as 4, but stood as 10 000 – Simamkele Dlakavu

Black Feminist Revolt and digital activism working to end rape culture in South Africa - Simamkele Dlakavu, BUWA! A Journal on African Women’s Experiences, 2016
Featured image: OkayAfrica

“Asinakuthula umhlaba ubolile…” – Nontsizi Mgqwetho

If you are silent about your pain, they’ll kill you and say you enjoyed it. – Zora Neale Hurston

 

Words like these: reflections on writing & thinking about sexual violence

TW: sexual violence

I write about sexual violence a lot. This is a post about the experience of dedicating so many words to rape and other forms of violation. This is a home for the unfinished/unfinishable thoughts I have between writing.

A dark cloud of words
The first and heaviest difficulty of writing about sexual violence is that it hurts people. My words can be reminders of things people don’t want to remember. I understand why. I’m sorry.
Writing/Willfulness
For some, my words are an inconvenience. Press release upon press release. Lawyers and PR machines. They use all the words they have to cling to their power. I use mine as memorials for the resistances I’ve known.
My silence has never protected me. My words are vulnerable too. I’m reminded of this whenever I use the word ‘allegedly’ to describe something I know to be true.
Wordless feelings
I’ve been interviewing women about sex and consent for my Master’s research. A lot of this has been hard because, while rape and sex are not the same thing, many of our introductions to sexuality involve violation. It’s a really confusing space to work in, conceptually, because there’s a myriad of ways to be violated and so many of those do not immediately lead us to the words: #MeToo. Sometimes, all we have is confusion or shame or feeling like everything is out of control. Some things are difficult to name. Some feelings have no words. Labels like ‘rape’, ‘abuse’ and ‘sexual assault’ get stuck at the back of our throats.
Or words that don’t feel quite right
Another challenge I’ve faced when writing about sexual violence is figuring how to write about people who’ve been violated in a way which doesn’t reproduce the ‘spectacle’ narrative. Part of the stigma of sexual violence is the idea that something about your identity is changed and that you’re damaged forever. The labels ‘survivor’ and ‘victim’ reproduce this. The word ‘survivor’ has so much pressure of being resilient attached to it – it’s like saying you were supposed to be destroyed by this thing but you overcame it. ‘Victim’ on the other hand, has connotation of weakness – you are allowing this thing to destroy you or this thing destroyed you and now you’re not as valuable. I respect everyone’s choice to identify as one or the other, but what happens when you don’t want to identify as either? There should be a space for that somewhere. Why should we have to define ourselves based on someone else’s actions anyway? Writing about victims, survivors, victim-survivors and victims/survivors feels like reducing a person to that experience. I’m still looking for words that don’t have this effect.
Words coming up short
Sometimes it feels like one’s value for speaking out about experiencing sexual violence is based on the strength projected onto them. When people speak about horrible things they’ve experienced, and others respond commending their strength, it feels shallow: like a non-engagement with the reality of the person’s experience. It feels like people can just post “Wow, you’re so strong” and go – but speaking up about a violation doesn’t mean the pain is over, or that you no longer need support.
A lot of times, to get to the admirable strength stage, there have been many weeks/months of terror, anxiety, shame, self-blame where you weren’t strong and there was no support. It would be so radical if we could create cultures where people who are violated struggle to blame themselves, rather than being so ashamed they are terrified to speak honestly about the pain. People shouldn’t only be recognized when they post a status, especially when the grieving stage of violation is so everyday. A commitment to supporting each other offline is super important. We need to be prepared to be the first person someone opens up to. We need to be a culture that is a safe landing space for people with unfathomable pain.
On Rage
“I have tried to learn my anger’s usefulness to me as well as its limitations” – Audre Lorde
In my writing, I have learned to negotiate with my anger, especially so that the people whose stories I am trying to amplify aren’t drowned out by my feelings. This is usually hard, because there’s a lot of rage, because there’s a lot of injustice. Ultimately, the responsibility of the writing weighs more than the rage.
Sometimes, seeing people angry about sexual violence has been affirming. Other times, it’s felt disempowering – especially when it seems like the violation become a spectacle. It is sometimes tiring to hear the chorus: “How could this happen?”. When do we stop asking how, and answering the question? What do we do with all of this rage?

How ‘Khwezi’s activism shaped a generation

In 2005, Fezekile Kuzwayo accused Jacob Zuma, then Deputy President of the ruling party, of rape.  During Zuma’s rape trial in 2006, the One in Nine campaign organized a national day of solidarity with “Khwezi” (the pseudonym adopted to protect Kuzwayo’s identity). At Rhodes University in Grahamstown, a group of activists marched to the High Court in solidarity with the One in Nine campaign (the group of feminists who first believed Kuzwayo and kept believing her). A year later, members of the organization hosted the first annual Silent Protest against sexual violence at Rhodes. When I took part in the protest for the first time in 2012, the protest had grown to be the biggest of its kind in the country, boasting over 1000 participants.

In the years I attended, the Silent Protest was somber yet significant occasion. Like clockwork, the clouds would gather together above as we marched to the Main Admin building. During the day, most participants wore black tape across their mouths to symbolize the silencing effect of rape. In the evening, reverberations of Kuzwayo’s courage were felt in the Cathedral vigil, as one by one, those who wore “Rape Survivor” t-shirts entrusted the crowd with their stories. What moved me about the protest was that it provided a space to de-stigmatize the experience of rape: a platform for those who had experienced sexual violence to speak out openly.

In April 2016, four years after I first participated in the Silent Protest, Rhodes University exploded in an anti-rape protest of a different kind. Following the publication of the #RUReferenceList – a list of alleged perpetrators of sexual violence  – on social media, students shut down the campus, demanding the suspension of the listed students.

As the hashtag #RUReferenceList went viral on social media, feminist rage spread ferociously. Soon, our cry for justice was echoed by students from other campuses, who expressed their solidarity by mobilizing under the hashtags #Iam1in3, #UCTSpeaksBack and #EndRapeCulture.

Perhaps for outsiders who were familiar with Rhodes University’s legacy of hosting the Silent Protest, that rape culture still persisted at Rhodes may have come as a surprise. However, for those of us who had over the years learned of the violations of our peers, which occurred often at the hands of other students, the image of our university as a safe space had long faded.

The #RUReferenceList protests highlighted that symbolizing silence was no longer an adequate strategy for ending rape. As activist/author Pumla Gqola had said, rather than symbolic solidarity, there needed to be a social cost for raping. At a time where our faith in our institution’s preparedness to combat sexual violence had dwindled, the Reference List was the megaphone we needed to break the silence.

Months later, shortly before commemorations of Women’s day had begun, four women staged a silent protest as Jacob Zuma delivered a post-election speech in Pretoria. Amanda Mavuso, Naledi Chirwa, Simamkele Dlakavu and Lebogang Shikwambane stood in front of the president, holding up posters which read “#I am 1 in 3”, “Khanga”, “10 years later” and “#RememberKhwezi”. Although they were quickly removed from the venue, their reminder echoed across airwaves and online spaces thereafter. As the name “Khwezi” regained prominence, the nation had to meditate on the sore fact that the victim-blaming beliefs that drove Kuzwayo into exile a decade ago still plague us today.

*

On the October Sunday that we learned of Fezekile Kuzwayo’s death, we experienced a deep heartbreak; a spiritual laceration. Waves of grief and disbelief washed over us, leaving us worn. At Rhodes University, later that week, when we held a vigil to celebrate Fezekile’s life, even the most outspoken amongst us had no words to articulate the weight of the loss. After all, in mourning Fezekile, we were mourning one of our greatest feminist teachers. In remembering her, we would inherit the responsibility of fighting to create the society she deserved.

*

In paying tribute to Kuzwayo’s legacy – her courage and her intellect – we must pledge to remain cognizant of the violences that queer people, women, non-binary trans people, and HIV-positive people face every day. Our life’s work is to reclaim justice as our birthright, even when we tremble with fear. It is our task to institute a real freedom and put to shame the farcical institutions that fail us time and again. The enormity of patriarchal violence, fused with our own traumas, may discourage us, but we must remember that Fezekile also treaded this path. We must prepare to carry this baton as far as we can run. As our race heats up, may Fezekile Kuzwayo rest in peace and in power.

 

Chapter 2.12: the campaign against rape culture

By Mishka Wazar, for Activate, 13 April 2016

On 11th April 2016 an awareness campaign consisting of posters relating to rape culture was launched. The posters are meant to raise awareness of the policies regarding sexual assault and rape on campus, and the prevailing attitudes of management towards rape and sexual assault victims. Campus Protection Unit (CPU) removed the posters the morning after they were put up but the SRC succeeded in reposting them around the Library and Kaif area.

The statements on the posters are from Rhodes students, management and prosecutors. The SRC-endorsed posters form the first chapter in the Unashamed movement also currently occurring at Stellenbosch University. Stellenbosch began a poster campaign the previous night but the posters were removed and no other university appears to be taking part in the movement so far.

Members of the movement state that management is accountable for perpetuating rape culture at Rhodes, and these discriminatory and victim-shaming policies must change. Dr Mabizela, along with the Director of the Library Ujala Satgoor, spent the morning discussing the posters and the movement and had a largely positive reaction to the movement itself. The quotes by Rhodes management will also be investigated.

Dr Colleen Vassiliou stated that the Director of Student Affairs office is offering support and advocating for this work. There will also be a warden’s discussion to discuss these policies. Rhodes University management has also had various meetings with student bodies to discuss this.

The reactions of the student body to the posters have ranged from curious to outraged and an impact has been made on social media with the hashtag #Chapter212. Quotes like “management is more offended by our posters violating the rules than rapists violating our bodies” and “We’re tired of people only paying lip service to rape culture while perpetuating it” were among some of the responses given by those present.

 #Chapter212 which refers to the South African Constitution chapter regarding safety and dignity of the student body.

Freedom and security of the person

12. (1) Everyone has the right to freedom and security of the person, which includes the right—

(a) not to be deprived of freedom arbitrarily or without just cause;
(b) not to be detained without trial;
(c) to be free from all forms of violence from either public or private sources;
(d) not to be tortured in any way;
and (e) not to be treated or punished in a cruel, inhuman or degrading way.

(2) Everyone has the right to bodily and psychological integrity, which includes the right—
(a) to make decisions concerning reproduction;
(b) to security in and control over their body; and
(c) not to be subjected to medical or scientific experiments without their informed consent.